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American Orthoptic Journal Back ContentTo request a single copy of any journal article, contact us at: 608 263-0654 (voice), or journals@wwwtest.uwpress.wisc.edu (email). Articles will be photocopied and mailed within two business days. Please prepay with VISA or MasterCard. Articles up to 29 pages in length are priced at $15.00. Articles containing 30 or more pages are priced at $25.00. For article reprints in quantities of 25-500 please use our online reprint ordering system by clicking Reprint Orders.
Volume 41, 1992, p. 1 We do not often take the time to step back and review our heritage. Tonight we have such an opportunity. The history of modern motility and orthoptics begins in Europe and Great Britain. We are more familiar with events and persons of English origin. Mary Maddox, the daughter of the famous ophthalmologist, Ernest Maddox, was considered to be the first English orthoptist in 1919. By 1932 Legrand Hardy and Elizabeth Stark had started the first American Orthoptic Clinic in New York City.1 Twenty years later, in 1953, Alfred Bangerter and Conrad Cuppers in Europe introduced pleoptics which was to dominate the therapy of orthoptics for several decades.2 Fifty years ago, Conrad Berens was busy enhancing our examination equipment demonstrated by the first thermoplastic prism bar and a red/green fusion test for children.3,4 I will leave it to you to decide how far we have come since he introduced these. Fifty years ago some ophthalmologists of vision set in motion the standardization of orthoptic training and skills. We all owe them a deep debt of gratitude as we are the beneficiaries of their foresight and energy. At the same time, the orthoptists formed an association with Julia Lancaster as its first president, now called the American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Today we wish to honor their historic step with this Symposium. There are many other milestones and names which could be mentioned. However, we are here to listen to the reflections of our colleagues who have had more than the usual involvement in the field of motility and orthoptics, although perhaps none of them personally for the full half century.
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